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Wikipedia:IPA_for_Catalan_and_Occitan
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards, one of Catalan (based in Barcelona, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features) and one of Valencian (based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features). Neither variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in the Valencian Community or a Catalan artist).
See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Catalan.
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Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Voiced obstruents /b d g v z dz ʒ dʒ/ are devoiced word-finally [p t k f s ts ʃ tʃ]. However a series of liaison contextual rules mandate the voicing of word final obstruents before voiced consonants starting next word (that is /b d g v z dz ʒ dʒ/ before voiced consonant starting next word), the voicing of word final fricatives before vowels starting next word (that is /v z dz ʒ dʒ/ before vowel starting next word), and the devoicing of word final oclusives before vowels starting next word (that is /p t k/ before vowel starting next word).
- ^ a b c In Catalan and Valencian, /b d ɡ/ become lenited [β ð ɣ] (that is, fricatives or approximants of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced (or devoiced) stops, not dissimilar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after lateral consonants, /ɫ/ or /ʎ/, and /b/ after /f/. In Valencian, intervocalic [ð] may be dropped; fideuada/fideuà.
- ^ a b In most of Majorcan the velar plosives, /k/ and /g/, may become palatal, [c] and [ɟ], while occurring in contact with front vowels; /i/, /e/, /ɛ/ and /a/, and [c] also occurring after a nasal consonant, /n/ (which is also palatalizated [nʲ] in Majorcan, instead of common velarization [ŋ] in Catalan and Valencian).
- ^ ‹l› is always dark [ɫ] in Eastern Catalan. In other dialects, it may vary allophonically, [l]~[ɫ], as it does in English.
- ^ a b Catalan orthography distinguishes between ‹ll›; which represents a palatal lateral /ʎ/, and ‹l·l›; which represents a geminated /ɫɫ/. In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether and pronounced as a simple [ɫ].
- ^ A positional variant of nasal consonants [ŋ] that only occurs before a velar plosive, /k/ or /g/.
- ^ a b The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/ and in compounds; [ɾ] is found elsewhere. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is dropped word-finally in all verbs as most nouns; parlar [pəɾˈɫa] ([paɾˈlaɾ] in Valencian), color [kuˈɫo] ([koˈloɾ] in Valencian). Nevertheless, it is pronounced in some exceptional nouns; cor [kɔɾ], mar [maɾ], apart from Majorcan which, in this case, may also drop word final /ɾ/; cor [kɔ], mar [ma].
- ^ a b c d e f While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ], and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used at Wikipedia.
- ^ The pronunciation of words with the digraph ‹ix› varies from place to place. While a silent [j] (or [i], when there is no diphthong) is generally more common in Eastern Catalan dialects (caixa [ˈkaʃə]), [j] retention is more common in Valencian and Western Catalan dialects (caixa [ˈkajʃa]), though there are exceptions.
- ^ a b c After other consonants, postalveolar affricates are in free variation with fricatives.
- ^ Several dialects have /v/ as a separate phoneme, in particular, Balearic, Alguerese, most of Valencian, and certain parts of Tarragona. Betacism (that is, merging of /b/ and /v/) is general in the rest of Catalan areas.
- ^ In most of Balearic, especially Majorcan, [ə] can appear in stressed position; sec [sək] ([səc] in Majorcan), contrasting with /e/; séc [sek] ([sec] in Majorcan). Balearic stressed [ə] is stressed /ɛ/ in Catalan and stressed /e/ in Valencian.
- ^ a b c d e In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/ is reduced.
- Eastern Catalan: /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ are reduced to [ə] while /o/ and /ɔ/ are reduced to [u] (though in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
- Valencian and Western Catalan: /ɛ/ is reduced to [e] and /ɔ/ is reduced to [o]. Nevertheless, in Valencian a system of vowel harmony commonly occurs with [ɛ] and [ɔ] in unstressed position; with exceptions including /o/ being reduced to [u] and /e/ being reduced to [a] and [i]. Vocalisme del català in Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX by Daniel Recasens i Vives, 1991.
- ^ a b Most Valencian dialects feature a sort of vowel harmony instead of the unstressed [ə] found in Eastern Catalan.
- Vowel harmony:
- Unstressed [ɛ] and [ɔ] may replace unstressed /e/ and /a/ when, in the same word, there is a stressed /ɛ/ or /ɔ/; e.g. terra/terres [ˈtɛrɛ(s)] and roda/rodes [ˈrɔðɔ(s)].
- Unstressed [ɛ] may instead replace unstressed /e/ and /a/ when, in the same word, there is a stressed /ɛ/ as a stressed /ɔ/; e.g. terra/terres [ˈtɛrɛ(s)] and roda/rodes [ˈrɔðɛ(s)]. This is common in some Valencian dialects and most Western Catalan dialects.
- ^ a b c While usually Valencian unstressed vowels are /a e i o u/, exceptionally unstressed /o/ may further reduce to [u] and unstressed /e/ may further reduce to [a] and in other cases to [i].
- Exceptional Valencian unstressed vowels:
- /o/ further reduces to [u] when unstressed /o/ occurs before a stressed /i/; collir, tossir, cosir. Also, when unstressed /o/ occurs before a labial consonant, [β]; cobert, obert. And also with proper nouns likes Josep and Joan. In addition, the pronoun ho in Valencian varies its pronunciation depending of its position in the sentence:
- When it precedes a verb it is pronounced as either [u] or [ew], while most Catalan dialects only pronounce it as [u]; e.g. ho posa.
- When it follows a verbal form ending in a vowel, it is pronounced as [w], as in all Catalan dialects; e.g. posa-ho.
- When it follows a verb in the infinitive form its pronunciation stays as [o], however in most Eastern Catalan dialects it is reduced to [u]; e.g. posar-ho.
- /e/ further reduces to [a] when unstressed /e/ occurs before a nasal consonant, but also, exceptionally, before other consonants such as /s/, /r/, /ɾ/, /v/, [ɣ], and the semivowel /w/; e.g. sencer, enveja, empentar/espentar, terròs, albergina, clevill, lleganya, lleuger.
- /e/ further reduces to [i] when unstressed /e/ occurs in lexical derivation with -eixement and -aixement (only -eixement in Eastern Catalan); e.g. creixement, coneixement, neixement/naixement.
- ^ The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.
See also
References
Catalan
- Burguet Ardiaca, Francesc (1980). Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català. Mataró (Barcelona): Robrenyo. ISBN 84-7466-025-4. (Catalan)
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56
- Recasens i Vives, Daniel (1991). Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 8472831728. (Catalan)
- Romeu i Juvé, Xavier (1983). Manual de fonologia catalana. Barcelona: Barcanova. ISBN 847533119X. (Catalan)
- Veny, Joan (1978). Els Parlars. Barcelona: Dopesa. ISBN 8472353885. (Catalan)
- Wheeler, Max W (2005). The Phonology Of Catalan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199258147. (Catalan)
Valencian
- "L'estàndard oral valencià". Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). (Valencian)
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